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doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02584 Received 18 June 2018 Accepted 19 October 2018 Published 14 November 2018 Volume 9 - 2018 Edited by Gustavo Javier Martinez, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, United States Reviewed by Ruoning Wang, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, United States
Many of these peptides, while showing immense promise in preclinical studies and anecdotal reports, lack the large-scale, rigorous human trials required by the FDA for formal approval
Its the result of a tangled web of dysfunction involving: Insulin resistance: cells stop responding to insulin, leaving glucose in the bloodstream Excess glucagon: the liver keeps pumping out sugar, even when its not needed Low-grade inflammation: which damages tissues and disrupts metabolic signaling Impaired appetite regulation: driven by hormone imbalances and gut-brain miscommunication GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) helps untangle this web
12:1048-1057 [PubMed: 20977575] 257
