LPS, as an integral part of the outer membrane of gram-negative intestinal bacteria, can be translocated to the circulation as a consequence of intestinal barrier dysfunction
In the latter, cysteine originates from the reduction of cystine transported into the cell by cystine/glutamate antiporter (system Xc , xCT) [26]
Clinical Applications of Astaxanthin in the Treatment of Ocular Diseases: Emerging Insights
Although several preclinical anti-cancer outcomes have been achieved, such as with ferroptosis inducers, translating oxidative cell death mechanisms into effective clinical therapies requires rigorous testing, including assessments of bioavailability, toxicity, and off-target effects
383,384 Ferroptosis inhibitors targeting various pathways can reduce mitochondrial morphological changes and lipid peroxidation in muscle cells