Most peptides have not been studied outside of animals, meaning theres little data to demonstrate their safety or effectiveness in humans
just taking a sample of convenience and its unclear how participants were blinded to patch use in one case), were not registered on Clinicaltrials.gov, and were not published in what I consider rigorous journals that are listed on PubMed
Conversely, other studies have demonstrated that lactic acid may partially restore PGC-1 activity, reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6, alleviate renal injury, and improve survival in murine models of sepsis-induced AKI (Takakura and Zandi-Nejad, 2019)
Effects of endocardial endothelium in myocardial mechanics of hypertrophied myocardium of rats
They've placed thousands of IVs in high-pressure hospital settings, so inserting a small catheter into your arm is second nature