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The mitochondrial gene expression in CSE-unexposed cells showed no change in gene expression of MT-CYB and MT-RNR1 during the 25 weeks culture, but MT-CO2 expression gradually increased over time (Fig

At present, convenience stores still account for less than 10% of Koreas e-cigarette retail sales, indicating that the channel remains underdeveloped compared with its store density and consumer accessibility

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Cotinine is an active metabolite of nicotine that remains in the blood for 1820 hours, making it easier to analyze due to its longer half-life

Interpretation of correlation coefficients followed conventional thresholds: weak (r=0.100.29), moderate (r=0.300.49), and strong (r 0.50)