Articles were excluded if they: (1) reported litter and cigarette butt densities using the items per meter unit, (2) lacked numerical data on cigarette butt density or the specific percentage among anthropogenic litter, (3) focused solely on public perception or smoking behavior, and (4) were conducted exclusively indoors or in controlled laboratory settings
2 Materials and methods 2.1 Materials The test materials consisted of middle and upper tobacco leaves collected in 20202021 from 10 provinces in China, including Yunnan, Guizhou, Liaoning, Jilin, Hunan, Shandong, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guangdong and Hubei
Current smokers refers to people who have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were still smoking, either every day or on some days, when they took part in the survey
In fact, more than two-thirds of students have tried alcohol by the 12th grade
EC use increased by 3.3 pp, from 2.0% in 2013 to 5.3% in 2023 among Korean men, with particularly increases in those aged 2539 years (2.6% to 12.8%