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Among these matrices, blood serum/plasma has been considered a reliable specimen of choice to measure the cotinine level because it could remain at near steady-state condition over regular smoke exposure 7
The research, funded by Cancer Research UK and published today in Nicotine and Tobacco Research , revealed that in 2013, there were around 151,200 exclusive non-cigarette tobacco users, but by September 2023, this figure had risen to around 772,800
The intensity and frequency of inhalation depend on the puffing style
Still, Spindle says, certainly compared to smoking, nicotine pouches are far safer, with far fewer carcinogens. Therein lies the paradox of modern nicotine