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18 As far as nicotine replacement in surgical patients is concerned, "nicotine delivered by transdermal and oral routes causes fewer cardiovascular and endocrine effects, buts its influence on surgical procedures and wound healing has yet to be fully investigated." 15 That said, while complete nicotine abstinence would be ideal, supervised use of nicotine replacement products is not likely to impair wound healing and is still preferable to active smoking near surgery time

Consequently, an expansion in the scope of research in this area is required

Others come from the materials being burned

We selected a large sample size to boost analytical power and accurately reflect the differences in the study population