The analogs, degradants, and metabolites of these toxicants (known as biomarkers of exposure [BOEs]) are detectable in the urine and bloodstream of smokers and can be used to assess the reduction in exposure to harmful constituents associated with switching from cigarettes to noncombustible products like ENDS
For hallucinogens, 46 percent of contraband smokers reported trying it, compared to 30 percent of non-contraband smokers
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Indian J Exp Biol 37(12):11961200 Mukherjee S, Woods L, Weston Z, Williams AB, Das SK (1993) The effect of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke exposure on oxygen defense mechanisms of guinea pig erythrocytes
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