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Nicotine and/or cigarette smoke have been reported to impair RAAS homeostasis in multiple organ systems by upregulating the ACE/ANG-II/AT1R axis and downregulating the compensatory ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis (Oakes et al., 2018)

This is a critically important strategy to reduce the burden of tobacco use because a recent report estimated that raising the minimum age for purchase of all tobacco products to 21, nationwide, could prevent 223,000 deaths among people born between 2000 and 2019, including 50,000 fewer deaths from lung cancer (60)

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For most EMS systems, the best mask available is the standard non-rebreather mask, but a double-sealing silicone mask will deliver higher fraction of inspired oxygen