Many of these effects were attributed to the presence of nicotine compared to nicotine-free electronic cigarettes (22, 24, 27, 30, 45, 46, 48) (Figure 2)
[140] A 2017 study found that "The maximum detected concentrations of benzene, methanol, and ethanol in the samples were higher than their authorized maximum limits as residual solvents in pharmaceutical products." [140] Trace amounts of toluene [114] and xylene have been found in the e-cigarette vapor
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16 Caucasian women from Central Europe were included in this study
Over 70 countries have 'smoke-free' policies that cover indoor places In 2004, Ireland was the first country to pass a "smoke-free law", according to the World Health Organisation (WHO)