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There may have been effects from renoprotective or nephrotoxic medications

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In 2026, revenue shortfalls could amount to around EUR 88 million (UAH 4.3 billion), while total losses for 20252028 could reach EUR 422 million, or more than UAH 20 billion

These include more severe nicotine withdrawal symptoms, increased emotional sensitivity, and heightened stress reactivity. These barriers can increase the likelihood of relapse and require targeted support during cessation efforts

These findings suggest that e-cigarette use fosters a distinct periodontal microbial environment, positioning it as an intermediate state between that of traditional smokers and nonsmokers, while also presenting unique oral health challenges [84]